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Risk clustering and psychopathology from a multi-center cohort of Indian children, adolescents, and young adults
- Debasish Basu, Abhishek Ghosh, Chandrima Naskar, Srinivas Balachander, Gwen Fernandes, Nilakshi Vaidya, Kalyanaraman Kumaran, Murali Krishna, Gareth J. Barker, Eesha Sharma, Pratima Murthy, Bharath Holla, Sanjeev Jain, Dimitri Papadopoulos Orfanos, Kartik Kalyanram, Meera Purushottam, Rose Dawn Bharath, Mathew Varghese, Kandavel Thennarasu, Amit Chakrabarti, Rajkumar Lenin Singh, Roshan Lourembam Singh, Subodh Bhagyalakshmi Nanjayya, Chirag Kamal Ahuja, Kamakshi Kartik, Ghattu Krishnaveni, Rebecca Kuriyan, Sunita Simon Kurpad, Sylvane Desrivieres, Udita Iyengar, Yuning Zhang, Matthew Hickman, Alex Spiers, Mireille Toledano, Gunter Schumann, Vivek Benegal
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- Journal:
- Development and Psychopathology / Volume 35 / Issue 2 / May 2023
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 08 April 2022, pp. 800-808
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Developmental adversities early in life are associated with later psychopathology. Clustering may be a useful approach to group multiple diverse risks together and study their relation with psychopathology. To generate risk clusters of children, adolescents, and young adults, based on adverse environmental exposure and developmental characteristics, and to examine the association of risk clusters with manifest psychopathology. Participants (n = 8300) between 6 and 23 years were recruited from seven sites in India. We administered questionnaires to elicit history of previous exposure to adverse childhood environments, family history of psychiatric disorders in first-degree relatives, and a range of antenatal and postnatal adversities. We used these variables to generate risk clusters. Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview-5 was administered to evaluate manifest psychopathology. Two-step cluster analysis revealed two clusters designated as high-risk cluster (HRC) and low-risk cluster (LRC), comprising 4197 (50.5%) and 4103 (49.5%) participants, respectively. HRC had higher frequencies of family history of mental illness, antenatal and neonatal risk factors, developmental delays, history of migration, and exposure to adverse childhood experiences than LRC. There were significantly higher risks of any psychiatric disorder [Relative Risk (RR) = 2.0, 95% CI 1.8–2.3], externalizing (RR = 4.8, 95% CI 3.6–6.4) and internalizing disorders (RR = 2.6, 95% CI 2.2–2.9), and suicidality (2.3, 95% CI 1.8–2.8) in HRC. Social-environmental and developmental factors could classify Indian children, adolescents and young adults into homogeneous clusters at high or low risk of psychopathology. These biopsychosocial determinants of mental health may have practice, policy and research implications for people in low- and middle-income countries.
Visual systemizing preference in children with autism: A randomized controlled trial of intranasal oxytocin
- Lane Strathearn, Sohye Kim, D. Anthony Bastian, Jennifer Jung, Udita Iyengar, Sheila Martinez, Robin P. Goin-Kochel, Peter Fonagy
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- Journal:
- Development and Psychopathology / Volume 30 / Issue 2 / May 2018
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 17 July 2017, pp. 511-521
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Several studies have suggested that the neuropeptide oxytocin may enhance aspects of social communication in autism. Little is known, however, about its effects on nonsocial manifestations, such as restricted interests and repetitive behaviors. In the empathizing–systemizing theory of autism, social deficits are described along the continuum of empathizing ability, whereas nonsocial aspects are characterized in terms of an increased preference for patterned or rule-based systems, called systemizing. We therefore developed an automated eye-tracking task to test whether children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) compared to matched controls display a visual preference for more highly organized and structured (systemized) real-life images. Then, as part of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study, we examined the effect of intranasal oxytocin on systemizing preferences in 16 male children with ASD, compared with 16 matched controls. Participants viewed 14 slides, each containing four related pictures (e.g., of people, animals, scenes, or objects) that differed primarily on the degree of systemizing. Visual systemizing preference was defined in terms of the fixation time and count for each image. Unlike control subjects who showed no gaze preference, individuals with ASD preferred to fixate on more highly systemized pictures. Intranasal oxytocin eliminated this preference in ASD participants, who now showed a similar response to control subjects on placebo. In contrast, control participants increased their visual preference for more systemized images after receiving oxytocin versus placebo. These results suggest that, in addition to its effects on social communication, oxytocin may play a role in some of the nonsocial manifestations of autism.